Dementia
Dementia is a group of brain conditions that cause a slow loss of memory, thinking and the ability to manage daily life. It mostly affects older people, but it is not a normal part of ageing. The most common type is Alzheimer disease; strokes can also cause it. There is no cure, but diagnosis, treatment of other problems and family support can improve quality of life.
Symptoms
- Forgetting recent events, names or conversations, and asking the same question again and again
- Getting lost in familiar places
- Difficulty with money, cooking or daily tasks
- Confusion about the time or place
- Trouble finding words
- Changes in mood or behaviour: anger, suspicion, withdrawal
- In later stages, needing help with eating, washing and dressing
Causes
- Alzheimer disease (the most common cause)
- Strokes and blocked blood vessels in the brain
- Older age and family history
- High blood pressure, diabetes and smoking raise the risk
- Some treatable conditions can look like dementia: underactive thyroid, low vitamin B12, depression, infections or medicine side effects
Prevention
- Control blood pressure, diabetes and cholesterol
- Do not smoke or use naswar
- Stay physically active
- Keep the mind active: reading, learning, prayer and visiting people
- Treat hearing loss and depression
- Protect the head from injury
Treatment
- A doctor's assessment to rule out treatable causes (blood tests, sometimes a brain scan)
- In some people, medicines prescribed by a doctor can slow symptoms for a time
- A calm daily routine, good lighting, and labels or reminders at home
- Control of blood pressure, sugar, hearing and vision problems
- Support and rest for family carers
- Do not give sleeping pills or sedatives without a doctor; they can increase confusion and falls
Common questions
Is forgetfulness in old age always dementia?
No. Mild forgetfulness, such as misplacing keys, is common with age. Dementia is when memory and thinking problems get steadily worse and affect daily life. A doctor can check and look for treatable causes.
How can the family help a person with dementia?
Speak calmly and simply, keep a regular routine and avoid arguing. Keep the home safe and well lit, encourage walking and prayer, and make sure the person eats and drinks enough. Carers also need rest and support.