Menopause
Menopause is when periods stop permanently because the ovaries stop releasing eggs. It is a normal part of ageing and usually happens between 45 and 55 years. A woman has reached menopause when she has had no period for 12 months. The years around it can bring hot flushes, sleep problems and mood changes, and afterwards the risk of weak bones and heart disease rises.
Symptoms
- Periods becoming irregular, then stopping
- Hot flushes and night sweats
- Trouble sleeping
- Mood changes, irritability or low mood
- Vaginal dryness and discomfort during sex
- Passing urine more often, or urine leaks
- Joint aches and tiredness
Causes
- A natural fall in hormones (oestrogen) as the ovaries age — the usual cause
- Surgery to remove the ovaries or womb
- Chemotherapy or radiotherapy
- Sometimes early menopause before age 40 (premature ovarian insufficiency)
Prevention
- Menopause itself is natural and cannot be prevented, but you can stay healthy through it
- Eat calcium-rich foods (milk, yoghurt, cheese) and get some sunlight for vitamin D
- Walk or do weight-bearing exercise to keep bones strong
- Avoid smoking and naswar
- Have blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol checked
Treatment
- Simple steps: light cotton clothes, a cool room, and less tea and spicy food in the evening
- Regular exercise and a healthy diet
- Vaginal moisturisers or creams for dryness
- Hormone treatment (HRT) for severe symptoms in some women — only after a doctor checks the risks
- Calcium and vitamin D if your diet is low in them
- Do not take hormones without a doctor
Common questions
Can I still get pregnant around menopause?
Yes, until you have had no period for 12 months (24 months if you are under 50). Keep using family planning until then if you do not want another pregnancy.
How long do hot flushes last?
For most women they last a few years and slowly become less frequent. For some women they last longer; a doctor can help if they are severe.